Introduction
The topic we are about to deal with has to do with irregular verbs. Those ones refer to once its roots is conjugated there is a kind of alteration, the grammatical grapheme or the other way around by omitting the natural modification which corresponded to mood and tense.
They are divided into different groups which are the next that follow:
Group 1: It refers to those ones which do not vary.
- In other words, it refers to those verbs whose tenses in past form remain equally to the infinitive form which it would follow the next structure:
- BASE = PAST = PAST PARTICIPLE
|
INFINITIVE |
PAST |
PAST PARTICIPLE |
|
Cut /kʌt/ |
Cut /kʌt/ |
Cut /kʌt/ |
Group II (Verbs which remain equally they do not vary in their past form)
- It refers to those verbs whose tenses in past and participle forms are equal and they differ by focusing on the infinitive form by following the next structure:
- BASE ≠ PAST = PAST PARTICIPLE
So that, focusing on this same group we may include some verbs, they only modify its tonic vowel as we may appreciate in the next examples:
a) Vowel change:
|
INFINITIVE |
PAST |
PAST PARTICIPLE |
|
Bind /baɪnd/ |
Bound /baʊnd/ |
Bound /baʊnd/ |
Next classification has to do with group 2 which form those verbs which are substituted by a consonant to form the past simple form and the past participle form, we may also have a look at other example:
b) Consonant substitution
|
INFINITIVE |
PAST |
PAST PARTICIPLE |
|
Build /bild/ |
Built /bilt/ |
Built /bilt/ |
Another subgroup we may also observe must do with verbs in which they are added a final t in order to form the past simple and the past participle form but in fact we must highlight that they also modify their tonic vowel such as
c) Vowel change and consonant addition
|
INFINITIVE |
PAST |
PAST PARTICIPLE |
|
Buy /baɪ/ |
Bought /bɔːt/ |
Bought /bɔːt/ |
Group 3 (verbs which are completely different)
- Verbs whose main infinitive, past and participle form which are written down and they are pronounced in a very different way by having a look at:
- BASE ≠ PAST ≠ AFFIX ADDITION
|
INFINITIVE |
PAST |
PAST PARTICIPLE |
|
Arise /əˈraɪz/ |
Arose /əˈrəʊz/ |
Arisen /əˈrɪzn/ |
Task
In this part, we are going to deal with those verbs which have been classified according to different groups that we have previously seen:
Group I (No change)
|
BASE |
PAST |
PAST PARTICIPLE |
|
Bet /bɛt/ |
Bet /bɛt/ |
Bet /bɛt/ |
|
Bid /bɪd/ |
Bid /bɪd/ |
Bid /bɪd/ |
|
Broadcast /ˈbrɔːdkɑːst/ |
Broadcast /ˈbrɔːdkɑːst/ |
Broadcast /ˈbrɔːdkɑːst/ |
|
Burst /bɜːst / |
Burst /bɜːst / |
Burst /bɜːst / |
|
Cast /kɑːst / |
Cast /kɑːst / |
Cast /kɑːst / |
|
Cost /kɒst/ |
Cost /kɒst/ |
Cost /kɒst/ |
|
Cut /kʌt/ |
Cut /kʌt/ |
Cut /kʌt/ |
|
Fit /fɪt/ |
Fit /fɪt/ |
Fit /fɪt/ |
|
Forecast /ˈfɔːkɑːst / |
Forecast /ˈfɔːkɑːst / |
Forecast /ˈfɔːkɑːst / |
|
Hit /hɪt / |
Hit /hɪt / |
Hit /hɪt / |
|
Hurt /hɜːt / |
Hurt /hɜːt / |
Hurt /hɜːt / |
|
knit /nɪt/ |
knit /nɪt/ |
knit /nɪt/ |
|
Let /lɛt / |
Let /lɛt / |
Let /lɛt / |
|
Put /pʊt / |
Put /pʊt / |
Put /pʊt / |
|
Quit /kwɪt / |
Quit /kwɪt / |
Quit /kwɪt / |
|
Rid /rɪd / |
*Rid /rɪd / |
*Rid /rɪd / |
|
Set /sɛt / |
Set /sɛt / |
Set /sɛt / |
|
Shut /ʃʌt/ |
Shut /ʃʌt/ |
Shut /ʃʌt/ |
|
Slit /slɪt / |
Slit /slɪt / |
Slit /slɪt / |
|
Spit /spɪt / |
*Spit /spɪt / |
*Spit /spɪt / |
|
Split /splɪt/ |
Split /splɪt/ |
Split /splɪt/ |
|
Spread /sprɛd/ |
Spread /sprɛd/ |
Spread /sprɛd/ |
|
Thrust /θrʌst / |
Thrust /θrʌst / |
Thrust /θrʌst / |
|
Upset /ʌpˈsɛt / |
Upset /ʌpˈsɛt / |
Upset /ʌpˈsɛt / |
|
Wet /wɛt / |
*Wet /wɛt / |
*Wet /wɛt / |
*This verb has the same past and past participle form as their base form. Even though, they can be said in the same past and past participle form but not as their base form.
Group II
a) Vowel change:
|
BASE |
PAST |
PAST PARTICIPLE |
|
bind /baɪnd/ |
bound /baʊnd/ |
bound /baʊnd/ |
|
bleed /bliːd/ |
bled /bled/ |
bled /bled/ |
|
breed /briːd/ |
bred /bred/ |
bred /bred/ |
|
cling /klɪŋ/ |
clung /klʌŋ/ |
clung /klʌŋ/ |
|
dig /dɪɡ/ |
dug /dʌɡ/ |
dug /dʌɡ/ |
|
feed /fiːd/ |
fed /fed/ |
fed /fed/ |
|
fight /faɪt/ |
fought /fɔːt/ |
fought /fɔːt/ |
|
find /faɪnd/ |
found /faʊnd/ |
found /faʊnd/ |
|
fling /flɪŋ/ |
flung /flʌŋ/ |
flung /flʌŋ/ |
|
get /ɡet/ |
got /ɡɒt/ |
got /ɡɒt/ |
|
grind /ɡraɪnd/ |
ground /ɡraʊnd/ |
ground /ɡraʊnd/ |
|
hang /hæŋ/ |
hung /hʌŋ/ |
hung /hʌŋ/ |
|
hold /həʊld/ |
held /held/ |
held /held/ |
|
lead /liːd/ |
led /led/ |
led /led/ |
|
light /laɪt/ |
lit /lɪt/ |
lit /lɪt/ |
|
meet /miːt / |
met /met/ |
met /met/ |
|
read /riːd/ |
read /red/ |
read /red/ |
|
shine /ʃaɪn/ |
shone /ʃɒn/ |
shone /ʃɒn/ |
|
shoot /ʃuːt/ |
shot /ʃɒt/ |
shot /ʃɒt/ |
|
sit /sɪt/ |
sat /sæt/ |
sat /sæt/ |
|
slide /slɑɪd/ |
slid /slɪd/ |
slid /slɪd/ |
|
sneak /sniːk/ |
snuck /snʌk/ |
snuck /snʌk/ |
|
spin /spɪn/ |
spun /spʌn/ |
spun /spʌn/ |
|
spit /spɪt/ |
spat /spæt/ |
spat /spæt/ |
|
stick /stɪk/ |
stuck /stʌk/ |
stuck /stʌk/ |
|
sting /stɪŋ/ |
stung /stʌŋ/ |
stung /stʌŋ/ |
|
strike /straɪk/ |
struck /strʌk/ |
struck /strʌk/ |
|
string /strɪŋ/ |
strung /strʌŋ/ |
strung /strʌŋ/ |
|
swing /swɪŋ/ |
swung /swʌŋ/ |
swung /swʌŋ/ |
|
tread /tred/ |
trod /trɒd/ |
trod /trɒd/ |
|
win /wɪn/ |
won /wʌn/ |
won /wʌn/ |
|
wind /waɪnd/ |
wound /waʊnd/ |
wound /waʊnd/ |
|
wring /rɪŋ/ |
wrung /rʌŋ/ |
wrung /rʌŋ/ |
b) Consonant substitution
|
BASE |
PAST |
PAST PARTICIPLE |
|
Bend /bend/ |
Bent /bent/ |
Bent /bent/ |
|
Build /bild/ |
Built /bilt/ |
Built /bilt/ |
|
Burn /bɜːn/ |
Burnt /bɜːnt/ |
Burnt /bɜːnt/ |
|
Have /hæv/ /həv/ |
Had /hæd/ /həd/ |
Had /hæd/ /həd/ |
|
Lend /lend/ |
Lent /lent/ |
Lent /lent/ |
|
Learn /lɜːn/ |
Learnt /lɜːnt/ |
Learnt /lɜːnt/ |
|
Make /meɪk/ |
Made /meɪd/ |
Made /meɪd/ |
|
Send /send/ |
Sent /sent/ |
Sent /sent/ |
|
shear /ʃɪər/ |
sheared /ʃɪəd/ |
sheared /ʃɪəd/ |
|
Spend /spend/ |
Spent /spɛnt/ |
Spent /spɛnt/ |
c) Vowel change and consonant addition
|
BASE |
PAST |
PAST PARTICIPLE |
|
Bring /brɪŋ/ |
Brought /brɔːt/ |
Brought /brɔːt/ |
|
Burn /bɜːn/ |
Burnt /bɜːnt/ |
Burnt /bɜːnt/ |
|
Buy /baɪ/ |
Bought /bɔːt/ |
Bought /bɔːt/ |
|
Catch /kætʃ/ |
Caught /kɔːt/ |
Caught /kɔːt/ |
|
Creep /kriːp/ |
Crept /krept/ |
Crept /krept/ |
|
Deal /diːl/ |
Dealt /delt/ |
Dealt /delt/ |
|
Dream /driːm/ |
Dreamt /drɛmt/ |
Dreamt /drɛmt/ |
|
Feel /fiːl/ |
Felt /felt/ |
Felt /felt/ |
|
Flee /fliː/ |
Fled /flɛd/ |
Fled /flɛd/ |
|
Foretell /fɔːˈtel/ |
Foretold /fɔːˈtəʊld/ |
Foretold /fɔːˈtəʊld/ |
|
Hear /hɪər/ |
Heard /hɜːd/ |
Heard /hɜːd/ |
|
Keep /kiːp/ |
Kept /kept/ |
Kept /kept/ |
|
Kneel /niːl/ |
Knelt /nɛlt/ |
Knelt /nɛlt/ |
|
Lay /leɪ/ |
Laid /leɪd/ |
Laid /leɪd/ |
|
Lean /liːn/ |
Leant /lent/ |
Leant /lent/ |
|
Leap /liːp/ |
Lept /lept/ |
Lept /lept/ |
|
Leap /liːp/ |
Leaped /liːpt / |
Leaped /liːpt / |
|
Learn /lɜːn/ |
Learnt /lɜːnt/ |
Learnt /lɜːnt/ |
|
Leave /liːv/ |
Left /left/ |
Left /left/ |
|
Light /laɪt/ |
Lighted /laɪtɪd/ |
Lighted /laɪtɪd/ |
|
Lose /luːz/ |
Lost /lɒst/ |
Lost /lɒst/ |
|
Mean /miːn/ |
Meant /ment/ |
Meant /ment/ |
|
Mislay /mɪsˈleɪ/ |
Mislaid /mɪsˈleɪd/ |
Mislaid /mɪsˈleɪd/ |
|
Pay /peɪ/ |
Paid /peɪd/ |
Paid /peɪd/ |
|
Prove /pruːv/ |
Proved /pruːvd/ |
Proved /pruːvd/ |
|
Say /seɪ/ |
Said /sed/ |
Said /sed/ |
|
Sell /sel/ |
Sold /səʊld/ |
Sold /səʊld/ |
|
shave /ʃeɪv/ |
shaved /ʃeɪvd/ |
shaved /ʃeɪvd/ |
|
sleep /sliːp/ |
slept /slept/ |
slept /slept/ |
|
Smell /smel/ |
Smelt /smelt/ |
Smelt /smelt/ |
|
Smell /smel/ |
Smelled /smɛld/ |
Smelled /smɛld / |
|
Sneak /sniːk/ |
Sneaked /sniːkt/ |
Sneaked /sniːkt/ |
|
Speed /spiːd/ |
Speeded /ˈspiːdɪd/ |
Speeded /ˈspiːdɪd/ |
|
Spill /spɪl/ |
Spilled /spɪld/ |
Spilled /spɪld/ |
|
Spoil /spɔɪl/ |
Spoilt /spɔɪlt/ |
Spoilt /spɔɪlt/ |
|
Spoil /spɔɪl/ |
Spoiled /spɔːɪld / |
Spoiled /spɔːɪld / |
|
Sweep /swiːp/ |
Swept /swept/ |
Swept /swept/ |
|
Swell /swel/ |
Swelled /swɛld/ |
Swelled /swɛld/ |
|
Teach /tiːtʃ/ |
Taught /tɔːt/ |
Taught /tɔːt/ |
|
Tell /tel/ |
Told /təʊld/ |
Told /təʊld/ |
|
Think /θɪŋk/ |
Thought /θɔːt/ |
Thought /θɔːt/ |
|
thrive /θraɪv/ |
thrived /θraɪvd/ |
thrived /θraɪvd/ |
|
understand /ˌʌn·dəˈstænd/ |
understood /ˌʌn·dəˈstʊd/ |
understood /ˌʌn·dəˈstʊd/ |
|
weep /wiːp/ |
wept /wept/ |
wept /wept/ |
|
wet /wɛt / |
wetted /wɛtɪd/ |
wetted /wɛtɪd/ |
Group III (Vowel change and affix addition)
|
BASE |
PAST |
PAST PARTICIPLE |
|
Arise /əˈraɪz/ |
Arose /əˈrəʊz/ |
Arisen /əˈrɪzn/ |
|
Awake /əˈweɪk/ |
Awoke /əˈwəʊk/ |
Awoken /əˈwəʊkən/ |
|
Be /biː/ |
Was, Were /wɒz, wɜː/ |
been / biːn/ |
|
Bear /beə/ |
Bore /bɔr/ |
Borne, born /bɔrn, bɔːn/ |
|
Begin /bɪˈɡɪn/ |
Began /bɪˈɡæn/ |
Begun /bɪˈɡʌn/ |
|
Bite /baɪt/ |
Bit /bɪt/ |
Bitten /ˈbɪt·ən/ |
|
Blow /bləʊ/ |
Blew /bluː/ |
Blown /bləʊn/ |
|
Break /breɪk/ |
Broke /brəʊk/ |
Broken /ˈbrəʊ·kən/ |
|
Choose /tʃuːz/ |
Chose /tʃəʊz/ |
Chosen /ˈtʃəʊ·zən/ |
|
Come /kʌm/ |
came /keɪm/ |
come /kʌm/ |
|
Do /duː/ |
Did /dɪd/ |
Done /dʌn/ |
|
Draw /drɔː/ |
Drew /druː/ |
Drawn /drɔːn/ |
|
Drink /drɪŋk/ |
Drank /dræŋk/ |
Drunk /drʌŋk/ |
|
Drive /draɪv/ |
Drove /drəʊv/ |
Driven /ˈdrɪvən/ |
|
Eat /iːt/ |
Ate /eɪt/ |
Eaten /i:tən/ |
|
Fall /fo:l/ |
Fell /fel/ |
Fallen /ˈfɔːlən/ |
|
Fly /flaɪ/ |
Flew /fluː/ |
Flown /fləʊn/ |
|
Forbid /fəˈbɪd/ |
Forbade /fəˈbɪd/ |
Forbidden /fəˈbɪdən/ |
|
Forget /fəget/ |
Forgot /fəgot/ |
Forgotten /fəˈɡet/ |
|
Forgive /fəˈɡɪv/ |
Forgave /fəˈɡeɪv/ |
Forgiven /fəˈɡɪvən/ |
|
Forsake /fɔːˈseɪk/ |
Forsook /fɔːˈseɪk/ |
Forsaken /fɔːˈseɪk/ |
|
Freeze /friːz/ |
Froze /frəʊz/ |
Frozen /ˈfrəʊzən/ |
|
Get /get/ |
Got /gɒt / |
Gotten /ˈgɒtn/ |
|
Give /ɡɪv/ |
Gave /ɡeɪv/ |
Given /ˈgɪvn/ |
|
Go /gəʊ / |
Went /went/ |
Gone /gɒn/ |
|
Grow /ɡrəʊ/ |
Grew /ɡruː/ |
Grown /ɡrəʊn/ |
|
hide /haɪd/ |
hid /haɪd/ |
hidden /ˈhɪdn/ |
|
know /nəʊ/ |
knew /njuː/ |
known /nəʊn/ |
|
lie /laɪ/ |
lay /leɪ/ |
lain /leɪn/ |
|
mistake /mɪˈsteɪk/ |
mistook /mɪsˈtʊk/ |
mistaken /mɪsˈteɪkən/ |
|
overtake /ˌəʊ·vəˈteɪk/ |
overtook /ˌəʊ.vəˈtʊk/ |
overtaken /ˌəʊvəˈteɪkən / |
|
prove /pruːv/ |
proved/pruːvd / |
proven /ˈpruːvən / |
|
ride /raɪd/ |
rode /rəʊd/ |
ridden /ˈrɪd·ən/ |
|
ring /rɪŋ/ |
rang /ræŋ/ |
rung /rʌŋ/ |
|
rise /raɪz/ |
rose /rəʊz/ |
risen /ˈrɪzn/ |
|
run /rʌn/ |
ran /ræn/ |
run /rʌn/ |
|
see /siː/ |
saw /sɔː/ |
seen /siːn/ |
|
shake /ʃeɪk/ |
shook /ʃʊk/ |
shaken /ˈʃeɪ·kən/ |
|
shear /ʃɪər/ |
sheared /ʃɪər/ |
shorn /ʃɔːn/ |
|
show /ʃəʊ/ |
showed /ʃəʊd / |
shown /ʃəʊn/ |
|
shrink /ʃrɪŋk/ |
shrank /ʃræŋk/ |
shrunk /ʃrʌŋk/ |
|
sing /sɪŋ/ |
sang /sæŋ/ |
sung /sʌŋ/ |
|
slay /sleɪ/ |
slew /sluː/ |
slain /sleɪn/ |
|
speak /spiːk/ |
spoke /spəʊk/ |
spoken /ˈspəʊ·kən/ |
|
steal /stiːl/ |
stole /stəʊl/ |
stolen /ˈstəʊ·lən/ |
|
spring /sprɪŋ/ |
sprang /spræŋ/ |
sprung /sprʌŋ/ |
|
stride /straɪd/ |
strode /strəʊd/ |
stridden /ˈstrɪdn/ |
|
strive /straiv/ |
strove /strouv/ |
striven /ˈstrivn/ |
|
swell /swel/ |
swelled /swɛld / |
swollen /ˈswəʊ·lən/ |
|
swim /swɪm/ |
swam /swæm/ |
swum /swʌm/ |
|
take /teɪk/ |
took /tʊk/ |
taken /ˈteɪkən / |
|
tear /teər/ |
tore /tɔːr/ |
torn /tɔːn/ |
|
thrive /θraɪv/ |
throve /θrəʊv/ |
thriven /ˈθrɪvn / |
|
throw /θrəʊ/ |
threw /θruː/ |
thrown /θrəʊn / |
|
tread /tred/ |
trod /trɒd/ |
trodden /ˈtrɒd·ən/ |
|
undergo /ˌʌn·dəˈɡəʊ/ |
underwent /ˌʌn·dəˈwent/ |
undergone /ˌʌndəˈgɒn / |
|
undertake /ˌʌn·dəˈteɪk/ |
undertook /ˌʌndəˈtʊk/ |
undertaken /ˌʌndəˈteɪkən/ |
|
wake /weɪk/ |
woke /wəʊk/ |
woken /ˈwəʊ·kən/ |
|
wear /weər/ |
wore /wɔːr/ |
worn /wɔːn/ |
|
weave /wiːv/ |
wove /wəʊv/ |
woven /wəʊ·vən/ |
|
withdraw /wɪðˈdrɔː/ |
withdrew /wɪðˈdruː/ |
withdrawn /wɪðˈdrɔːn/ |
|
write /raɪt/ |
wrote /rəʊt/ |
written /ˈrɪt·ən/ |
Process
The class are divided in groups of 7 or 8 persons. The structures of groups I, II and III of verbs are written on the flashcard. The students are given a list of irregular verbs. The students should transcribe the irregular verbs. Then, a student of each group goes to the front of the class and puts the verb in the correct column on the flashcard in the blackboard.
- Time: 15 minutes.
- Materials: list of irregular verbs, flashcard and blackboard.
Evaluation
The result of the activity will be completely bear in mind by being evaluated in the way that follows (pass / fail) by focusing on a grouped level. So that, verbs must be transcribed in a very suitable way and they will have to be able to how to put each verbs depending on its suitable structure.
Conclusion
By ending up the activity, we hope those marks to be grateful for students so that students will have already reinforced their knowledge.
Credits
The group is composed of:
- Trinidad Pilar Bastida Caro
- Mª del Rocío Cruz Gallego.
- Mª Luz Galván Moya.
- Irene Guerrero Jiménez
- Soledad González Martínez