MST-Polygon

POLYGON

Definition:

A polygon is a two-dimensional geometric figure that has a finite number of sides. The sides of a polygon are made of straight line segments connected to each other end to end. Thus, the line segments of a polygon are called sides or edges. The point where two line segments meet is called vertex or corners, henceforth an angle is formed. An example of a polygon is a triangle with three sides. A circle is also a plane figure but it is not considered a polygon, because it is a curved shape and does not have sides or angles. Therefore, we can say, all the polygons are 2D shapes but not all the two-dimensional figures are polygons.

Polygon shape

By definition, we know that the polygon is made up of line segments. Below are the shapes of some polygons that are enclosed by the different number of line segments.

 

Types of Polygon

Depending on the sides and angles, the polygons are classified into different types, namely:

• Regular Polygon
• Irregular Polygon
• Convex Polygon
• Concave polygon

Regular Polygon

If all the sides and interior angles of the polygon are equal, then it is known as a. The examples of regular polygons are square, equilateral triangle, etc.

Irregular Polygon

If all the sides and the interior angles of the polygon are of different measure, then it is known as an irregular polygon. This means that either the sides are of different lengths or the angles are different, which is sufficient for a polygon to be said to be irregular. For example, a scalene triangle, a rectangle, a kite, etc.

Convex Polygon

If all the interior angles of a polygon are strictly less than 180 degrees, then it is known as a convex polygon. The vertex will point outwards from the centre of the shape.

Concave Polygon

If one or more interior angles of a polygon are more than 180 degrees, then it is known as a convex polygon. A concave polygon can have at least four sides. The vertex points towards the inside of the polygon.

However, a number of polygons are defined based on the number of sides, angles and properties.
 

Angles of Polygon

As we know, any polygon has as many vertices as it has sides. Each corner has a certain measure of angles. These angles are categorized into two types namely interior angles and exterior angle of polygon.

 

Interior Angle Property

The sum of all the interior angles of a simple n-gon = (n − 2) × 180°

Or

Sum = (n − 2)π radians                               remember this formula!

Where;

 ‘n’= is equal to the number of sides of a polygon.

For example, a quadrilateral has four sides; therefore, the sum of all the interior angles is given by:

Sum of interior angles of 4-sided polygon = (4 – 2) × 180°

sum= 2 × 180°

sum= 360°

Exterior angle property

The sum of interior and the corresponding exterior angles at each vertex of any polygon are supplementary to each other. For a polygon;

Properties

The properties of polygons are based on their sides and angles. 

• The sum of all the interior angles of an n-sided polygon is (n – 2) × 180°.
• The number of diagonals in a polygon with n sides = n(n – 3)/2
• The number of triangles formed by joining the diagonals from one corner of a polygon = n – 2
• The measure of each interior angle of n-sided regular polygon = [(n – 2) × 180°]/n
• The measure of each exterior angle of an n-sided regular polygon = 360°/n

 

Area and Perimeter Formulas

The area and perimeter of different polygons are based on the sides. 

Area: Area is defined as the region covered by a polygon in a two-dimensional plane.

Perimeter: Perimeter of a polygon is the total distance covered by the sides of a polygon. 

The formulas of area and perimeter for different polygons are given below:

 

 

 

 

Let us see one of the frequently used and the primary types of polygon, i.e. triangle.
 

Triangles (3-gon)

A triangle is the simplest form of the polygon that has three sides and three vertices. The triangles are also classified into different types, based on the sides and angles. 

Triangles – Based on Sides

• Equilateral triangle – Having all sides equal and angles of equal measure. It is also called an equiangular triangle.
• Isosceles triangle – Having any 2 sides equal and angles opposite to the equal sides are equal.
• Scalene triangle – Has all the 3 sides unequal.

See the below figure, to see the difference between the three types of triangles.

Triangles- Based on Angles

• Acute angled Triangle – Each angle is less than 90°
• Right Angled Triangle – Any one of the three angles equal to 90°
• Obtuse Angled Triangle – Any one angle is greater than 90°

The below figure shows the three types of angles, based on angles.

 

 

 

Quadrilaterals (4-gon)

A Quadrilateral is a polygon having a number of sides equal to four. That means a polygon is formed by enclosing four line segments such that they meet at each other at corners/vertices to make 4 angles.

Like triangles, a quadrilateral is also classified with different types:

• Square
• Rectangle
• Parallelogram
• Rhombus
• Trapezium

The below figure shows the classification of quadrilaterals.

 

The table below gives the comparison of Opposite sides, angles, and diagonals of different Quadrilaterals.

Quadrilateral	Opposite	Sides	All sides Equal	Opposite angles equal	Diagonal	Diagonal
	Parallel	Equal			Equal	Perpendicular
Rectangle	✔	✔	✖	✔	✔	✔
Parallelogram	✔	✔	✖	✔	✖	✖
Rhombus	✔	✔	✔	✔	✖	✔
Trapezium	✖ (Only one side)	✖	✖	✖	✖	✖
Square	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔

Names of Polygon

Polygon	No. of Sides	No. of Diagonal	No. of vertices	Interior Angle
Triangle	3	0	3	60
Quadrilateral	4	2	4	90
Pentagon	5	5	5	108
Hexagon	6	9	6	120
Heptagon	7	14	7	128.571
Octagon	8	20	8	135
Nonagon	9	27	9	140
Decagon	10	35	10	144
Hendecagon	11	44	11	147.273
Dodecagon	12	54	12	150
Triskaidecagon	13	65	13	158.308
Tetrakaidecagon	14	77	14	154.286
Pentadecagon	15	90	15	156

 

Three Dimensional Shape (3-D shape)

A three-dimensional shape is a solid object that is formed by a combination of polygons and 2d shapes. Some of the 3D shapes which we can observe in real-life are:

 

• These are the shapes that can be projected on a piece of paper but cannot be drawn on paper. These shapes are known as solids.

2-D shape (Polygon)	3-D Shape
Edge	Edge
Vertices	Vertices
—	Faces

• 3-D shapes have faces as the distinguishing feature.

 

Thank you for finishing your module-1

JSM