Manipulating Mother Nature: Marvel or Mistake

Introduction

People you know have a very clear view, we should never try to play god. The arguments fly thick and fast around the issue and shows no signs of letting up. Should we be manipulating the foundations of nature for our own benefit? It has it's staunch defenders on either side, however, in a proper debate, well-informed, valid, evidence based arguments are critical. Without these, the entire affair devolves into a shouting match with everyone wanting their say on the matter.

You have heard the arguments over and over again, but you're not sure if they hold any merit. It is really as dangerous as some people claim it is? Do the benefits of the technology really outweigh the ethical problems that go with it? You are somewhat undecided, unwilling to add to the cacophony of voices without the benefit of the knowledge and understanding required to establish your own viewpoint, let alone explain it to others.

What are the potential benefits and moral dilemmas that arise from genetic manipulating technologies in agriculture, medicine, and industry? We cannot (or at least, should not) be able to tell you what opinion you should hold. With the right knowledge however, you will be able to develop your own informed view yourself. The quest to raise your voice starts here, in learning how DNA replicates, why it's important, what it affects, how it can change, how manipulating the change impacts society, and how society impacts our ability to change it.

Task

As briefly stated beforehand, you will learn all that you need in order to make a well-informed, valid opinion about the ethics of genetic manipulation.You will learn about:

Cell replication

  • the processes of mitosis and meiosis
  • the process of DNA replication
  • how these processes affect the continued survival of a species

DNA and Polypeptide Synthesis

  • the process of polypeptide synthesis
  • their importance in protein synthesis
  • how they affect the phenotypic expression of an organism

Mutation

  • how mutations can occur naturally
  • how mutations can affect the genotype and phenotype of an organism
  • the effects of mutations, gene flow and genetic drift, on the gene pool of populations

Genetic Technologies

  • what genetic technologies currently exist to induce genetic change and their advantages
  • the processes and outcomes of reproductive technologies, such as artificial insemination and artificial pollination
  • the processes and outcomes of cloning technologies, such as whole organism cloning and gene cloning
  • the applications and benefits of genetic technologies in agriculture, medicine, and industry

After learning about all of this, you will then investigate various ethical issues with these genetic technologies and assess the influence that economics, culture, and society has on their use and development.

 

Process

Step 1:

In this section, you are going to learn about, and demonstrate understanding of, cell replication. This will serve as the foundation of your knowledge that will allow you to understand how some of the genetic technologies work on a fundamental level. 

Using the links provided, you are going to research the processes of mitosis, meiosis, and DNA replication. You will research their various stages and why they are important to our continued survival. Afterwards, you will use some of the information you have gathered, and present it in order to answer/complete the following questions/activities.

a) Define and describe the processes of mitosis, meiosis, and DNA replication.

b) Explain in detail, the stages of mitosis and meiosis. Also explain the pairing and bonding that occurs in DNA replication in both the continuous strand and the lagging strand.

c) Provide at least 2 examples of any of the 3 processes researched and relate their importance to the continued survival of a species. 

Mitosis

https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-mitosis

https://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@10.118:1tJ55Ot6@7/The-Cell-Cycle

Meiosis

https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-meiosis

https://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@10.118:GYZS3DDP@9/The-Process-of-Meiosis

DNA Replication

https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-dna-replication

https://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@10.118:2l3nsfJK@5/DNA-Replication-in-Eukaryotes#tab-ch14_05_01

 

Step 2:

In this section, you will learn about, and demonstrate understanding of, polypeptide and protein synthesis. This follows directly on from what you learned about DNA in step 1. 

Using the links provided you are going to research polypeptide and protein synthesis, and how they directly influence gene expression. Using this information you will then present your answer in the following parts.

a) Describe the roles that mRNA and tRNA play in the transcription and translation of the genetic code.

b) Explain in detail, each step involved in transcription and translation, in the production of polypeptides.

c) Analyse the sequence, structure and function of polypeptides and proteins in gene expression. 

extension) Model correct gene expression using the simulation linked below.

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/legacy/gene-expression-basics

Polypeptide Synthesis

https://prezi.com/iauptqv0jcr9/polypeptide-synthesis/

https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/translation-dna-to-mrna-to-protein-393

Protein Structure and Function

http://www.particlesciences.com/news/technical-briefs/2009/protein-structure.html

https://sciencing.com/relationship-between-dna-bases-genes-proteins-traits-2074.html

 

Step 3:

In this section, you will learn about, and demonstrate understanding of, mutations. This is where you will learn about the processes that some genetic technologies take advantage of. Mutations involve changes to the genetic code and therefore, further builds upon the information in the previous steps.

Using the links provided, research how mutations occur, what impact they can have on an organism, and what impact they may have on an entire population. After viewing all the resources, use the information in the following parts.

a) Identify a range of mutagens (the sources of mutations) and explain how the work to create mutations.

b) Compare and contrast gene mutations with chromosomal mutations , making mention of the cause and effects of each with examples. Also compare point mutations, insertions, and deletions.

c) Relate mutations back to the importance of DNA and cell replication to the survival of a species and evaluate its effect on the gene pool of a population. Make mention of gene flow and genetic drift in your answer.

extension) Relate mutations back to natural selection using the simulation linked below.

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/legacy/natural-selection

Mutation

https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-a-mutation

https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/mutationsanddisorders/genemutation

http://pediaa.com/difference-between-gene-mutation-and-chromosomal-mutation/

Mechanisms of Evolution

 

Step 4:

In this section, you will finally learn about, and demonstrate understanding of, genetic technologies. This is the segment that you have been aiming for and, with the knowledge you have gained thus far, you are now prepared to dive in and explore how we have been able to alter the genetics of different organisms in a variety of ways.

Using the links provided, research genetic technologies, how they work, what benefits they hold, and why people are against their use. Present you information in the following parts.

a) Compare and contrast the processes, results and benefits of artificial insemination and artificial pollination.

b) Explain the process of cloning and what benefits it could have. Make mention of whole organism cloning, gene cloning, and Dolly the sheep.

c) Evaluate the benefits of using 3 named genetic technologies on agriculture, industry, and medicine.

d) Judge the influences that social, economical, and cultural contexts have on the development and use of genetic technologies.

Genetic technologies

http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/1/

https://healthresearchfunding.org/pros-cons-artificial-insemination/

https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/videos/19-artificial-pollination

http://knowgenetics.org/cloning/

http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical-advances/timeline/cloning-dolly-the-sheep/

http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/education/clone.htm

https://occupytheory.org/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-cloning/

http://genetics.thetech.org/about-genetics/making-medicines

Controversy Surrounding Genetic Technologies

https://www.thebalance.com/what-are-gmos-375532

https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/embryo-screening-and-the-ethics-of-human-60561

https://harvardsciencereview.com/2014/01/22/human-cloning-unmasking-the-controversy/

https://planetparadigm.wordpress.com/2009/02/11/ethical-issues-surrounding-human-cloning/

Evaluation

Marking Rubric

Criterion 1 mark 2 marks 3 marks

Step 1 a) 

Provides basic definitions of each term Provides clear definitions and descriptions of each process  
Step 1 b) Identifies the stages of mitosis and meiosis, and identifies which nucleotides pair with each other Provides a basic outline of the cell replication stages in mitosis and meiosis, and a description of DNA replication Provides detailed explanation of cell replication stages including alignment of chromosomes. Detailed explanation of DNA replication including strands and okazaki fragments
Step 1 c) Provides 2 examples of mitosis, meiosis, or DNA replication such as growth and repair of bones or sexual reproduction Provides 2 examples and reasoning why all processes are essential for the survival of a species  
Step 2 a) May define mRNA and tRNA but does not adequately explain their specific role in the transcription and translation processes Clearly describes the specific roles mRNA and tRNA play in transcription and translation respectively  
Step 2 b) Briefly outlines the steps in transcription and translation without much depth Explains each step of transcription and translation in detail but does not link to the production of polypeptides Explains each step of transcription and translation with reference to polypeptide production and coding/non-coding segments
Step 2 c) Outlines the importance of amino acid sequence in polypeptides and little discussion of all else Explains the importance of amino acid sequence and protein structure in maintaining proper function Explains importance of sequence and structure, including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, in maintaining proper function which regulates gene expression
Step 3 a) Identifies mutagens including electromagnetic radiation and chemicals Identifies mutagens and how they work to bring about mutations  
Step 3 b) Provides basic cause and effect comparison of gene and chromosomal mutations. Provides detailed comparison of gene and chromosomal mutations including causes, location, severity, and disease examples Provides detailed comparison of gene and chromosomal mutations as well as between point mutations, insertions, and deletions
Step 3 c) Outlines how mutations may affect an organisms ability to survive, good or bad Relate mutations back to organism survival and explain its role as the driving force behind evolution Relate mutations back to organism survival and evolution, and how it is connected to gene flow and genetic drift
Step 4 a) Provide a basic comparison between the processes and outcomes of artificial insemination and artificial pollination Provides an in depth comparison of artificial insemination and pollination including their potential benefits   
Step 4 b) Provides basic explanation of the process of cloning Provides detailed explanation of the process of cloning, differentiating gene cloning and whole organism cloning Provides extensive explanation of cloning including gene cloning and whole organism cloning, using Dolly the sheep as an example.
Step 4 c) Identify 3 named genetic technologies and describe their benefits Evaluate the benefits of 3 genetic technologies, focusing on 1 or 2 areas Evaluate the benefits of 3 genetic technologies on agriculture, medicine, AND industry, noting any areas a specific technology may overlap
Step 4 d) Briefly outlines some controversies surrounding the use of genetic technologies Assesses the validity of the arguments for and against the development and use of genetic technologies and provides opinion Judges the arguments and ethical issues surrounding the development and use of genetic technology by supporting a stated opinion based on the evaluation of the information

 

Conclusion

You have now successfully completed the WebQuest! Now you have a good amount of knowledge on genetics that will allow you to develop how you view the use and development of genetic technology in the modern era. Raise your voice, join the debate, and keep researching. There is still much more discover.

Credits

Amoeba Sisters. (2016, April 14). Mitosis: The Amazing Cell Process that Uses Division to Multiply! 
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-ldPgEfAHI

Amoeba Sisters. (2017, July 11). Meiosis. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzDMG7ke69g

Animal Research. (1996). Cloning Dolly the sheep. Retrieved from 
http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical-advances/timeline/cloning-dol…

BioLife HSC Biology. (2014, March 12). Polypeptide Synthesis. Retrieved from 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CLdO0LkVwfU

bmielenhausen. (2009, February 11). Ethical Issues Surrounding Human Cloning. Retrieved from 
https://planetparadigm.wordpress.com/2009/02/11/ethical-issues-surround…

Boydstun Biology. (2014, February 14). Mechanisms Of Evolutionary Change. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6dlacQ1kX0

Bozeman Science. (2012, May 9). Mutations. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDbK0cxKKsk

Brennan, J. (2017, April 25). Relationship Between DNA Bases, Genes, Proteins and Traits. Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/relationship-between-dna-bases-genes-proteins-tra…

Clancy, S. & Brown, W. (2008). Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein. Retrieved from 
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/translation-dna-to-mrna-to-pr…

CrashCourse. (2012, April 2). DNA Structure and Replication: Crash Course Biology #10. Retrieved from 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kK2zwjRV0M

Galdos, F. (2014, January 22). Human Cloning: Unmasking the Controversy. Retrieved from 
https://harvardsciencereview.com/2014/01/22/human-cloning-unmasking-the…

Genetics Generation. (1996). Cloning. Retrieved from http://knowgenetics.org/cloning/

Health Research Funching. (2014, February 28). Pros and Cons of Artificial Insemination. Retrieved from 
https://healthresearchfunding.org/pros-cons-artificial-insemination/

International Service for the Acquisition  of Agri-biotech Applications. (2017, August). Pocket K No. 1: Q and A About Genetically Modified Crops. Retrieved from 
http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/1/

khanacademymedicine. (2013, September 17). Four levels of protein structure | Chemical Processes | MCAT | Khan Academy. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5gN-IK6uKs

Lakna. (2017, August 5). Difference Between Gene Mutation and Chromosomal Mutation. Retrieved from 
http://pediaa.com/difference-between-gene-mutation-and-chromosomal-muta…

McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT. (2014, November 5). Genome Editing with CRISPR-Cas9. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pp17E4E-O8

OccupyTheory. (2014, April 19). Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloning. Retrieved from 
https://occupytheory.org/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-cloning/

OpenStax. (2017, September 4). DNA Replication in Eukaryotes. Retrieved from 
https://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@10.118:2l3nsfJK@5/DNA-Replication-in-…

OpenStax. (2017, September 4). The Cell Cycle. Retrieved from 
https://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@10.118:1tJ55Ot6@7/The-Cell-Cycle

OpenStax. (2017, September 4). The Process of Meiosis. Retrieved from 
https://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@10.118:GYZS3DDP@9/The-Process-of-Meio…

Particle Sciences. (2009). Protein Structure. Retrieved from 
http://www.particlesciences.com/news/technical-briefs/2009/protein-stru…

Phillips, T. (2017, August 9). What are Genetically Modified Organisms or GMOs? Retrieved from 
https://www.thebalance.com/what-are-gmos-375532

Pray, L. (2008). Embryo Screening and the Ethics of Human Genetic Engineering. Retrieved from 
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/embryo-screening-and-the-ethi…

Prezi. (2015, May 12). Polypeptide Synthesis. Retrieved from https://prezi.com/iauptqv0jcr9/polypeptide-synthesis/

The Tech Museum of Innovation. (2013). Making Medicines. Retrieved from 
http://genetics.thetech.org/about-genetics/making-medicines

University of Nebraska. (2001). Gene Cloning. Retrieved from 
http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/education/clone.htm

University of Waikato. (2012, June 6). Artificial Pollination. Retrieved from 
https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/videos/19-artificial-pollination

U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2017, October 10). What is a gene mutation and how do mutations occur. Retrieved from https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/mutationsanddisorders/genemutation

yourgenome. (2016, January 25). What is a mutation? Retrieved from 
https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-a-mutation

yourgenome. (2016, January 25). What is DNA replication? Retrieved from 
https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-dna-replication

yourgenome. (2016, May 6). What is meiosis? Retrieved from https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-meiosis

yourgenome. (2017, May 17). What is mitosis? Retrieved from https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-mitosis

 

Teacher Page

Rationale

This WebQuest's theme of genetic technologies is very close to the actual syllabus, but I think it works well that way. Genetic modification is a very real issue that has the potential to completely change the lives of everyone on Earth. So much good could come from widespread adoption of genetic technology to cure disease and increase crop harvest to combat starvation across the globe. It can also very easily get out of hand due to carelessness or malicious intent. For as much as I am an advocate for the use of genetic technology, I cannot deny that humans are historically rather poor at not misusing resources or morphing ideas to better suit individual agendas.

It is for these reasons however, that I find the topic so compelling, and I think that HSC students will too. This is a topic that directly affects them, affects their future, and may dictate what technology is available when they grow older. I think students would be interested in studying something that can have such a direct impact on their future. They will want to speak out on this issue, but not blindly, without any prior knowledge to support their statements. I think most HSC students are educated enough to know they should research content as complex as genetics, before joining the debate. Inquiry-based learning is a great way to help students achieve this, which is why I believe WebQuest is one of the best ways to teach this topic. It also supports independent learning, which is a good idea to do for students who have a high study workload and may go on to study at universities. Of course, the links supplied in the WebQuest may be biased toward the for or against side of the genetics argument, which is an unfortunate limitation. The best way to avoid this would be to supply as many reasonably objective resources as possible to allow students to make their own decisions.

This table links the steps in the process to HSC biology modules, outcomes, and content.

Process Steps Course Outcome/Content
Step 1

Module 5: Heredity

Analyses primary and secondary data and information.

Explains the structures of DNA and analyses the mechanisms of inheritance and how processes of reproduction ensure continuity of a species.

Model the processes involved in cell replication, including but not limited to:

  • mitosis and meiosis
  • DNA replication using the Watson and Crick model, including nucleotide composition, pairing, and bonding.

Assess the effect of the cell replication processes on the continuity of the species.

 

Step 2

Module 5: Heredity

Analyses primary and secondary data and information.

Explains the structures of DNA and analyses the mechanisms of inheritance and how processes of reproduction ensure continuity of a species.

Model the process of polypeptide synthesis, including:

  • transcription and translation
  • assessing the importance of mRNA and tRNA in transcription and translation
  • analysing the function and importance of polypeptide synthesis
  • assessing how genes and the environment affect phenotypic expression

Investigating the structure and function of proteins in living things.

Step 3

Module 6: Genetic Change

Analyses primary and secondary data and information.

Explains natural genetic change and the use of genetic technologies to induce genetic change.

Explain how a range of mutagens operate, including but not limited to:

  • electromagnetic radiation sources
  • chemicals
  • naturally occurring mutagens

Compare the causes, processes and effects of different types of mutation, including but not limited to:

  • point mutation
  • chromosomal mutation

Evaluate the effect of mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift on the gene pool of populations.

Step 4

Module 6: Genetic Change

Analyses primary and secondary data and information.

Explains natural genetic change and the use of genetic technologies to induce genetic change.

Investigate the uses and advantages of current genetic technologies that induce genetic change.

Compare the processes and outcomes of reproductive technologies, including but not limited to:

  • artificial insemination
  • artificial pollination

Investigate and assess the effectiveness of cloning, including but not limited to:

  • whole organism cloning
  • gene cloning

Evaluate the benefits of using genetic technologies in agricultural, medical and industrial applications.

Interpret a range of secondary sources to assess the influence of social, economic and cultural contexts on a range of biotechnologies.

Concepts Learned

Some of the concepts that the students should have learned are:

  • the details of cell replication, including the replication of DNA
  • the processes of transcription and translation, and their relation to the synthesis of polypeptides
  • the function of proteins in gene expression
  • how a variety of mutagens can cause mutations
  • the details of various types of mutations
  • mutation as the driving force behind evolution
  • the uses of genetic technology are wide and varied
  • genetic technology is in conflict with ethical and moral issues from social, economic, and cultural contexts