Commercial Cooking

                                           Definition of Terms 

• Cleaning- a physical removal of visible soil and food.
• Disinfectant- a substance used to destroy germs and diseases
• Exterminate- to destroy totally
• Filth- anything that is dirty
• Grates- frames of iron bars for holding fuel while it burns
• Infestation- the state of being infested as with parasites or vermin
• Kitchen- a room especially set apart and containing the necessary utensils for cooking food.
• Parts per million (PPM)- is commonly used as a measure of small levels of pollutants in air, water, body fluids, etc. Parts per million is the mass ratio between the pollutant component and the solution. Usually describes the concentration of something in water or soil. One ppm is equivalent to 1 milligram of something per liter of water (mg/l) or 1 milligram of something per kilogram soil (mg/kg).
• Pedestal- a base or support
• Sanitizer- a chemical agent used for cleansing and sanitizing surfaces and equipment.
• Sanitizing- process of reducing number of harmful organisms to safe level on food contact services.
• Stack- a case compose of several rows of shelves.

 

                   MATERIALS OF KITCHEN UTENSILS AND EQUIPMENT COMMONLY                                                              FOUND IN THE KITCHEN

       Aluminum is the best for all-around use. It is the most popular, lightweight, attractive and less expensive. It requires care to keep it shiny and clean. Much more, it gives even heat distribution no matter what heat temperature you have. It is available in sheet or cast
aluminum. Since it is a soft metal, the lighter gauges will dent and scratch easily, making the utensil unusable. Aluminum turns dark when used with alkalis, such as potatoes, beets, carrots and other vegetables. Acid vegetables like tomatoes will brighten it.

     Stainless Steel is the most popular material used for tools and equipment, but is more expensive. It is easier to clean and shine and will not wear out as soon as aluminum. Choose those with copper, aluminum or laminated steel bottoms to spread heat and keep
the pot from getting heat dark spots. Stainless steel utensils maybe bought in many gauges, from light to heavy.

    Glass is good for baking but not practical on top or surface cooking. Great care is needed to make sure for long shelf life.

    Cast Iron is sturdy but must be kept seasoned to avoid rust. Salad oil with no salt or shortening can be rub inside and out and dry. Wash with soap (not detergent) before using.

     Ceramic and heat-proof glass is used especially for baking dishes, casseroles, and measuring cups. Glass and ceramic conduct the heat slowly and evenly. Many of these baking dishes are decorated and can go from stove or oven to the dining table.

    Teflon is a special coating applied to the inside of some aluminum or steel pots and pans. It helps food from not sticking to the pan. It is easier to wash and clean, however, take care not to scratch the Teflon coating with sharp instrument such as knife or fork. Use wooden or plastic spatula to turn or mix food inside.

     Plastic and Hard Rubber are used for cutting and chopping boards, table tops, bowls, trays, garbage pails and canisters. They are much less dulling to knives than metal and more sanitary than wood. Plastics are greatly durable and cheap but may not last long.

 

                                                                Cooking Utensils List That Every Kitchen Needs

     A baster is handy for returning some of the meat or poultry juices from the pan, back to the food. Basting brushes can be used for the same purpose, but they are also convenient for buttering the tops of breads and baked goods after they come out of the oven.

                                                                               

     Cans, bottles, cartoons opener use to open a food tin, preferably with a smooth operation, and comfortable grip and turning kno

                                                                              

     Colanders also called a vegetable strainer are essential for various tasks from cleaning vegetables to straining pasta or tin contents.

                                                                                

       Cutting Boards a wooden or plastic board where meats and vegetables can be cut.

                                                                                   

     Dredgers– used to shake flour, salt, and pepper on meat, poultry, and fish.

                                                                       

     Double boiler– used when temperatures must be kept below boiling, such as for egg sauces, puddings, and to keep foods warm without overcooking.

                                                                                  

     Emery boards/sharpening steel – used to sharpen long knives.

                                                                      

     Flipper use for turning hamburgers and other food items.

                                                                                    

     Funnels – used to fill jars, made of various sizes of stainless steel, aluminum, or of plastic.

                                                                     

     Garlic Press is a kitchen tool which is specifically designed for the purpose of pulping garlic for cooking.

                                                                              

      Graters used to grate, shred, slice and separate foods such as carrots, cabbage and cheese.

                                                                            

      Handy Poultry & Roasting Tools make it easier to lift a hot roasted turkey from the roaster to the serving platter, without it falling apart.

                                                                          

     Kitchen Knives often referred to as cook's or chef's tools, knives are a must for all types of kitchen tasks, from peeling an onion and slicing carrots, to carving a roast or turkey.

There are many kinds of knives, each with a specialized use:

• Butcher knife – used to section raw meat, poultry, and fish. It can be used as a cleaver to separate small joints or to cut bones. Butcher knives are made with heavy blade with a saber or flat grind.
• French knife – used to chop, dice, or mince food. Heavy knives have a saber or flat grind.
• Roast beef slicer – used to slice roasts, ham, and thick, solid cuts of meats.
• Boning knife – used to fillet fish and to remove raw meat from the bone.
• Fruit and salad knife - used to prepare salad greens, vegetables, and fruits.
• Spatula – used to level off ingredients when measuring and to spread frostings and sandwich fillings.
• Citrus knife – used to section citrus fruits. The blade has a two-sided, serrated edge.
• Paring knife – used to core, peel, and section fruits and vegetables. Blades are short, concave with hollow ground.

                                                                      

     Kitchen Shears- they are practical for opening food packages, cutting tape or string to package foods or simply to remove labels or tags from items. Other cutting tools such as box cutters are just as handy, especially for opening packages.

                                                                              

      Measuring Cups, Spoons Measuring tools are among the most important items found in any kitchen, since consistently good cooking depends upon accurate measurements. Measuring tools should be standardized. Measuring cups and spoons are also in the home kitchen. Scales are used to weigh materials of bigger volumes. These are delicate and precision instruments that must be handled carefully and are more dependable in terms of accuracy.

     Commonly used measuring tools in the home or in commercial kitchens include the following:

• Measuring Cup for Dry Ingredients – is used to measure solids and dry ingredients, such as flour, fat and sugar. It is commonly made of aluminum or stainless material. Sizes range from 1, 1⁄2, 3⁄4 and 1⁄4 (nested cups) to one gallon. There are cups made of plastic and come in different colors, but could only be used for cold ingredients. They could warp, causing inaccurate measure.
• Measuring Cup for Liquid Ingredients - commonly made up of heat-proof glass and transparent so that liquid can be seen. Quantity of measure of liquid ingredient is different in a dry measuring cup.
• Portion scales - used to weigh serving portions from one ounce to one pound
• Scoops or dippers – used to measure serving of soft foods, such as fillings, ice cream, and mashed potato.
• Spoons come in variety of sizes, shapes, materials and colors. These are used to measure smaller quantities of ingredients called for in the recipe like: 1 tablespoon of butter or 1⁄4 teaspoon of salt.
• Household Scales are used to weigh large quantity of ingredients in kilos, commonly in rice, flour, sugar, legumes or vegetables and meat up to 25 pounds.

                                                                                

      Pasta Spoon or Server is use to transfer a little or much cooked pasta to a waiting plate, without mess. Pasta spoons are best used with spaghetti-style or other long pasta noodles; you can use a large slotted serving spoon for short pastas.

                                                                                    

      Potato Masher used for mashing cooked potatoes, turnips, carrots or other soft cooked vegetables.

                                                                               

       Rotary eggbeater – used for beating small amount of eggs or batter. The beaters should be made up of stainless steel, and gear driven for ease in rotating.

                                                                                

     Scraper- a rubber or silicone tools to blend or scrape the food from the bowl; metal, silicone or plastic egg turners or flippers.

                                                                              

      Seafood Serving Tools make the task of cleaning seafood and removing the shell much easier. For cooking seafood, utensils will vary depending on what you are cooking.

                                                                                 

      Serving spoons- a utensil consisting of a small, shallow bowl on a handle, used in preparing, serving, or eating food.

                                                                                  

     Serving Tongs enables you to more easily grab and transfer larger food items, poultry or meat portions to a serving platter, to a hot skillet or deep fryer, or to a plate. It gives you a better grip and the longer the tongs, the better especially when used with a deep fryer, a large stock pot or at the barbecue.

                                                                                    

 

      Soup Ladle is used for serving soup or stews, but can also be used for gravy, dessert sauces or other foods. A soup ladle also works well to remove or skim off fat from soups and stews.

                                                                                   

      Wooden spoons continue to be kitchen essentials because of their usefulness for used for creaming, stirring, and mixing. They should be made of hard wood.

                                                                         

      Spoons – solid, slotted, or perforated. Made of stainless steel or plastic, the solid ones are used to spoon liquids over foods and to lift foods, including the liquid out of the pot.

                                                                             

      Temperature Scales - used to measure heat intensity. Different thermometers are used for different purposes in food preparation – for meat, candy or deep-fat frying. Other small thermometers are hanged or stand in ovens or refrigerators to check the accuracy of the
equipment’s thermostat.

                                                                         

     Vegetable peeler- used to scrape vegetables, such as carrots and potatoes and to peel fruits. The best ones are made of stainless steel with sharp double blade that swivels.

                                                                                                                                 

     Whisks for Blending, Mixing used for whipping eggs or batter, and for blending gravies, sauces, and soups. The beaters are made of looped steel piano wires which are twisted together to form the handle.

                                                                                         

 

 

                                                                                   Equipment

        More complicated tools are called equipment. They may refer to a small electrical appliance, such as a mixer, or a large, expensive, power-operated appliance such a range or a refrigerator. Equipment like range, ovens, refrigerators (conventional, convection and microwave) are mandatory pieces in the kitchen or in any food establishment.

 

     Refrigerators/Freezers- are necessary in preventing bacterial infections from foods. Most refrigerators have special compartment for meat, fruits and vegetables to keep the moisture content of each type of food. Butter compartment holds butter separately to prevent food odors from spoiling its flavor. Basically, refrigerator or freezer is an insulated box, equipped with refrigeration unit and a control to maintain the proper inside temperature for food storage.                                 

                                                                   

       Auxiliary equipment like griddles, tilting skillets, broilers/grills, steamers, coffee makers, deep-fat fryers, wok, crockery, cutting equipment (meat slicer, food choppers, grinders) mixers and bowls, pots and pans are utilized most commonly in big food establishments, some with specialized uses and some are optional.

                                                                         

  Microwave Ovens have greatly increased their use in the food industry. Foods can be prepared ahead of time, frozen or refrigerated during the slack periods, and cooked or heated quickly in microwave ovens.

                                                                    

  Blenders are used to chop, blend, mix, whip, puree, grate, and liquefy all kinds of food. A blender is a very useful appliance. They vary in the amount of power (voltage/wattage). Others vary and do not do the same jobs.

                                                                     

You may watch this video for you to easily understand the lessons: 

You may also use this files for your reference in this lessons:  https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxzb2xzMTIzNDU2fGd4OjYyYmRjZDAyNWM2YTc2ZTQ